Prepare Upgrade → Validate the new version against the chosen policy.

Commit Upgrade → Replace the old package code with the new one.

ssing.

Byzantine fault tolerance (BFT): Enables fast and secure agreement among validators, improving finality.

Fast path for simple transaction

Processes transactions in parallel when they affect different objects.

Uses Narwhal & Bullshark consensus for fast data availability and ordering.

Executes transactions optimistically before final consensus for quicker processing.

Tracks dependencies at the object level to avoid global bottlenecks.

Employs efficient networking to speed up validator communication.