智能合约能否在 Sui 中拥有并改变它自己的对象状态？

Question

我想理解 Sui Network 的这一方面，因为我要么构建、调试，要么部署涉及这个领域的东西. 我想详细解释这个机制或功能的工作原理，以及相关的 CLI 用法、移动代码结构或架构概念. 我的目标是获得足够的清晰度，将这些知识应用到一个真实的项目中——无论是自定义智能合约、NFT系统、钱包集成还是DeFi工具. 与 EVM 链相比，Sui Network 具有独特的功能，因此我对它的与众不同之处以及它如何影响开发最佳实践特别感兴趣. 有示例代码、命令行示例或典型错误需要注意会有所帮助，尤其是在使用 Sui CLI、SDK 或在本地网络/测试网上部署时. 归根结底，我希望避免常见错误，遵循最佳的安全原则，并确保我正在开发的功能在现实条件下表现出预期.

Paul · Answer

In Sui, a smart contract cannot directly own or mutate its own object state. Instead, the contract interacts with objects through the ownership model, where objects are owned by specific addresses (e.g., the users wallet or an account). Smart contracts in Sui can define and modify the state of objects owned by other parties (e.g., users), but they cannot own objects themselves. Key Concepts: Object Ownership: Objects are owned by addresses, not contracts. Interaction with Objects: A contract can manipulate the state of an object, but only if it has access to that object via ownership or mutable references. Example Code: module MyModule { use sui::object::{Object, move_to}; public fun update_object_state(obj: &mut Object) { // Modify the state of the object owned by someone else obj.some_field = 42; } } CLI Usage: When deploying, the contract can only manipulate objects that are owned by an address, not itself. Best Practices: Ensure contracts respect Suis ownership model, passing objects between contracts and user accounts. Always manage permissions securely to avoid unauthorized access to object state.

Ashford · Answer

Can a Smart Contract Own and Mutate Its Own Object State in Sui? No, in Sui, smart contracts cannot directly own or mutate their own state. The ownership and mutation of resources (like coin objects or custom objects) are governed by user accounts or authorized addresses, not the contract itself. Key Points: Ownership: Smart contracts in Sui are stateless; they define logic but don’t own or store state themselves. Resource Ownership: Resources (like coins or custom objects) must be owned by an address or an entity, not by the contract. Typical Flow: Account Ownership: An address or user owns the object (e.g., a coin). Smart Contract Execution: The contract can modify the state of objects that are passed to it by the owner. Example Flow: User creates an object (e.g., a coin). User passes the object to the contract for mutation. The contract modifies the object but doesn’t own it. Sample Move Code: public fun mutate_object(owner: &mut Address, coin: &mut Coin) { Coin::transfer(coin, &mut owner); } CLI Example: Deploy a contract and invoke a function to mutate an object’s state: sui client publish --gas-budget 10000 --module Common Mistakes: Ownership Confusion: Trying to modify or access state that is not owned by the contract will result in errors. Incorrect Mutability: Ensure the object being passed to the contract is mutable (&mut). Best Practices: Ensure Proper Ownership: Make sure the correct address owns the objects being passed to the contract. Test with Localnet/Testnet: Always verify contract logic and state changes before deploying to the mainnet.

Benjamin XDV · Answer

In Sui, smart contracts (Move packages) cannot directly own or mutate objects themselves due to Suis object-centric ownership model. Objects must be owned by an address, another object, or marked as shared/immutable – packages only contain code logic. For autonomous mutation, you typically use shared objects (with consensus) or dynamic fields where parent objects control child objects. This differs fundamentally from EVMs contract storage, requiring explicit ownership transfers via transactions rather than internal contract actions. Common patterns involve wrapping objects in administrator-controlled containers or using capability-based design to manage state mutations securely.

theking · Answer

Yes, in Sui, a smart contract can mutate its own object state, but it cannot own objects independently. In Sui’s object-centric model, every object must be owned by either an address, another object, or marked as shared. Smart contracts don’t have an address like in EVM chains (e.g., Ethereum), so you must rely on object ownership patterns such as object-wrapped data structures or shared objects to persist and mutate state across transactions. To update a contracts internal state, you usually design a struct (with the key ability) to hold state data, pass it to your entry function, and perform updates through references. Ownership of this struct resides with a user or is marked as shared to allow broader access. Example – Mutating Internal State via Owned Object module example::counter { use sui::object::{Self, UID}; use sui::tx_context::{Self, TxContext}; struct Counter has key { id: UID, value: u64, } public entry fun create(ctx: &mut TxContext): Counter { Counter { id: object::new(ctx), value: 0 } } public entry fun increment(counter: &mut Counter) { counter.value = counter.value + 1; } } In this example, create initializes a Counter object. increment can only be called by passing in a mutable reference to that object. Ownership lies with a user or another object, not the contract itself. Shared Objects for Global Access If your contract needs multiple users to interact with the same object, mark it as shared. Example use cases: DAOs, global counters, on-chain games. public entry fun increment_shared(counter: &mut Counter) { counter.value = counter.value + 1; } On deployment or via an explicit function, you must share the object: sui client call \ --function share_object \ --module counter \ --package \ --args CLI Tips: To view ownership: sui client object To mutate: use --mut flag or define &mut in the entry function For shared mutation: ensure the object is published as shared before mutation SDK Integration (TS): tx.moveCall({ target: ${packageId}::counter::increment, arguments: [tx.object(counterId)] }); Best Practices: Avoid trying to store object references inside other objects unless needed. If you need global mutability, shared objects are the correct approach. Use UID and key ability to ensure objects can persist across transactions. Always validate that the caller has the right to mutate, especially for shared objects. Common Errors: Cannot find mutable reference – Youre passing an immutable object where mutable is required. Object is not shared – Youre trying to mutate an object that hasnt been shared. Type mismatch – Often caused by incorrect generics or misusing references. You can read more about ownership and shared objects in Suis developer docs.

SuiLover · Answer

In the Sui network, smart contracts cannot own objects in the traditional EVM sense because ownership is always tied to an address or another object. However, smart contracts written in Move can define and mutate their own custom state objects—these are typically shared objects or owned objects passed in by users. Key Concepts Object Ownership in Sui: Every object is owned by: A user address (address), Another object (nested ownership), Shared (accessible to all), Immutable (cannot change after publishing). Smart Contract State: To create contract state, developers define structs in Move modules and publish instances of these structs as objects. These objects are then passed to entry functions where their state can be read or modified. Mutating State: To mutate a smart contracts object state, you must: Pass the object into the function as &mut. Ensure its mutable and owned/shared as required. Have the correct access rights. Shared Objects for Global State: If you want global, contract-wide state, you use shared objects: struct Counter has key, store, copy { value: u64, } public entry fun increment(counter: &mut Counter) { counter.value = counter.value + 1; } Publishing Shared Objects: Shared objects must be explicitly created and shared at initialization. Use move call or Sui CLI --gas-budget and --shared-object-inputs to interact with them. Example Deployment Flow: Deploy module with sui move publish. Call an entry function to create a shared object: sui client call \ --package \ --module counter \ --function create_counter \ --args 0 \ --gas-budget 10000 Then call increment with object ID of the shared object. Limitations: Smart contracts don’t store internal state like in Solidity. They operate on objects explicitly passed to them. No persistent “contract storage” exists inside the module. Security and Ownership: You must validate ownership manually or through capabilities. It’s common to use access control patterns like AdminCap or Whitelist to gate mutations. Best Practices: Avoid unnecessary sharing of objects to limit gas usage and contention. Leverage capabilities or address checks to manage access securely. Use has key and store properly to enable object persistence and mutability. CLI Commands to Watch: sui client call for function calls. sui client object to inspect object data/state. sui move test for unit testing state logic.

shamueely · Answer

In Sui, a smart contract written in Move cannot truly own its own object in the same sense that a self-referencing EVM contract might hold and mutate internal state autonomously. Suis object-centric architecture means that all objects must be explicitly passed into the transaction context, and their ownership is either account-based or shared. Smart contracts themselves are stateless—they only define logic. The actual state exists in Move objects, which must be passed to functions for reading or mutation. To mutate a contract’s state object, you need to structure your module so that its data (typically stored in a has key struct) is either: Owned by a user address (useful for account-scoped logic), Shared via share_object() (to support multiple actors like in DeFi, DAOs, games, etc.). When using shared objects, you must mark your functions with entry and pass the shared object as a &mut reference. Here’s an example of a shared state that can be mutated: module my_app::vault { use sui::object::{UID, ID}; use sui::tx_context::TxContext; struct Vault has key { id: UID, balance: u64, } public fun init(ctx: &mut TxContext): Vault { Vault { id: object::new(ctx), balance: 0 } } public entry fun deposit(vault: &mut Vault, amount: u64) { vault.balance = vault.balance + amount; } } In this example, the Vault must be a shared object if you want it accessible by multiple users via entry functions. When deploying, you share the object like this: sui client call --function share_object --args Once shared, any entry function can mutate the object—provided it receives it as input. Sui ensures safety via ownership rules and versioning to prevent race conditions. To learn more about how smart contracts in Sui interact with object state, shared access, and ownership, visit: https://docs.sui.io/build/programming-model/object-basics This approach is what sets Sui apart from EVM chains. You don’t mutate internal contract storage directly. Instead, you mutate Move objects explicitly passed into your logic functions, which enhances concurrency and verifiability.

Alya · Answer

No, a smart contract (Move module) cannot directly own or mutate its own object state in Sui. Objects are first-class entities owned by addresses, other objects, or shared—not by modules. State mutation happens via functions that take objects as mutable parameters, with ownership rules enforced at the transaction level. Example: struct Counter has key { id: UID, value: u64 } public entry fun increment(counter: &mut Counter) { counter.value = counter.value + 1 } The increment function can mutate Counter only when the transaction passes a mutable reference to an object owned by the sender. The module itself holds no state. Use shared objects (transfer::share_object) for persistent, globally accessible state. Always validate ownership with object::is_owner() and follow linear type rules.

Arnold · Answer

Yes, a Sui smart contract (Move package) can own and mutate its own state through shared objects or dynamic object fields, unlike EVMs stateless design. Key Mechanisms Shared Objects: Globally mutable by anyone (with rules). Defined with key + store and owned by 0x0 (package address). struct ContractState has key, store { id: UID, value: u64, } Dynamic Object Fields: Package can own objects by storing their IDs. fun add_state(ctx: &mut TxContext) { let state = ContractState { id: object::new(ctx), value: 42 }; transfer::share_object(state); // Make it globally mutable } Why Sui Is Unique No msg.sender: Access control is via Moves type system, not EOAs. Parallel Mutations: Shared objects enable concurrent writes (unlike EVMs serialized TXs). CLI Example Call a function that mutates shared state sui client call \ --function update_state \ --module your_module \ --package 0xYOUR_PACKAGE \ --args 0xSHARED_OBJECT_ID 100 \ # New value --gas-budget 10000000 Common Pitfalls Over-Sharing: Avoid share_object unless truly needed (use transfer::transfer for private ownership). Race Conditions: Design for parallel access (e.g., use sui::lock).

290697tz · Answer

Yes, a smart contract in Sui can mutate its own object state, but it must do so through objects explicitly passed into its functions. In Suis object model, there is no internal contract storage like in Ethereum; instead, state is maintained through mutable objects. These objects can be owned by users or shared across the network. To mutate state, you define a struct with the has key ability, and then write entry functions that accept a &mut reference to the object. Shared objects allow global access and are required when multiple users need to interact with the same state. Mutating shared objects requires marking the function as public entry and passing the correct object ID during calls. Contracts do not “own” state directly; rather, they operate on data passed to them via arguments. You can enforce access control using capabilities or by checking sender addresses. This design supports high parallelism, better scalability, and fine-grained permissioning. Overall, smart contracts in Sui mutate state by modifying Move-defined objects under strict ownership and access rules.

Evgeniy CRYPTOCOIN · Answer

Yes, a Sui smart contract (Move module) can own and mutate its own objects via: Owned Objects – Created during module init (stored under package ID). Shared Objects – Marked shared for multi-writer access. Key Differences vs EVM: ✔ No External Owner – Objects can belong to the package itself. ✔ Direct Mutation – No approval system needed (unlike ERC-20). Example Pattern: struct MyState has key { id: UID, value: u64 } // Module can mutate its own object public fun update(self: &mut MyState) { self.value += 1 } Watch For: Storage costs for owned objects. Use shared for global state. (Sui’s object model enables autonomous contracts—no proxy wallets required.)

Bekky · Answer

1. Core Concept: Object-Centric Ownership Unlike EVM’s storage variables, Sui smart contracts operate through owned objects that can be mutated based on strict ownership rules. Key Features | Feature | Sui | EVM | |---------|-----|-----| | State Representation | Objects with UID | Storage variables | | Ownership | Explicit key ability | Implicit to contract | | Mutability | &mut references | Direct modification | 2. Move Implementation Patterns Self-Owning Contract module my_contract::state { use sui::object::{Self, UID}; use sui::transfer; use sui::tx_context; // Contracts state object struct ContractState has key, store { id: UID, counter: u64 } // Initialize and own the state public fun init(ctx: &mut tx_context::TxContext) { let state = ContractState { id: object::new(ctx), counter: 0 }; transfer::share_object(state); // Make shared for mutability } // Mutate owned state public entry fun increment(state: &mut ContractState) { state.counter = state.counter + 1; } } Ownership Models | Model | Code Pattern | Use Case | |-------|-------------|----------| | Shared | transfer::share_object | Global mutable state | | Immutable | transfer::freeze_object | Configuration | | Owned | transfer::transfer | User assets | 3. CLI Interactions Deploying Stateful Contracts sui client publish --gas-budget 1000000000 Output: - Package ID: 0x123... - Shared Object ID: 0x456... Mutating State sui client call \ --package 0x123 \ --module state \ --function increment \ --args 0x456 \ # Shared object ID --gas-budget 100000000 4. Architectural Considerations Concurrency Control // Use version field for optimistic concurrency struct ConcurrentState has key { id: UID, value: u64, version: u64 } public fun update( state: &mut ConcurrentState, new_value: u64, expected_version: u64 ) { assert!(state.version == expected_version, EVERSION); state.value = new_value; state.version = state.version + 1; } State Migration (Upgrades) module my_contract::v2 { use my_contract::state::ContractState; // Migrate V1 state to V2 public entry fun upgrade_state( old_state: ContractState, ctx: &mut tx_context::TxContext ) { let new_state = V2State { id: object::new(ctx), counter: old_state.counter, new_field: 0 }; transfer::share_object(new_state); } } 5. Security Patterns Capability-Based Access struct AdminCap has key, store { id: UID } public entry fun secure_update( state: &mut ContractState, _cap: &AdminCap ) { // Only callable with capability state.counter += 1; } Reentrancy Protection struct Lock has key { id: UID, locked: bool } public entry fun guarded_update( state: &mut ContractState, lock: &mut Lock ) { assert!(!lock.locked, ELOCKED); lock.locked = true; state.counter += 1; lock.locked = false; } 6. Common Pitfalls & Solutions | Error | Cause | Fix | |-------|-------|-----| | EInvalidSharedObjectUse | Incorrect mutability | Use &mut reference | | EMissingOwner | Object not owned by package | transfer::transfer to package address | | EImmutable | Attempting to modify frozen object | Initialize as share_object | 7. Performance Optimization Batched Mutations public entry fun batch_update( states: vector, delta: u64 ) { let i = 0; while (i < vector::length(&states)) { let state = vector::borrow_mut(states, i); state.counter = state.counter + delta; i = i + 1; } } Gas Cost Comparison | Operation | Gas (SUI) | |-----------|----------| | Single update | 2,500 | | Batch update (10 items) | 3,800 | Key Differentiators from EVM Explicit Ownership: Objects must be deliberately transferred Fine-Grained Mutability: key + store vs copy + drop abilities Parallel Processing: Independent objects mutate concurrently For production use: Store critical state as shared objects Use capabilities for privileged operations Implement state migration paths upfront

运营	天然气 (SUI)
单次更新	2,500
批量更新（10 个项目）	3,800

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智能合约能否在 Sui 中拥有并改变它自己的对象状态？

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